Nucleic acid diagnostics based on mass spectrometry or mass separation and base specific cleavage

ABSTRACT

A method of detecting a mutation or a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-ATOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of then oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to a method for detecting a mutation in a nucleic acid molecule. The method of the present invention does not require prior knowledge of a reference or wild-type nucleotide sequence nor does it require a gel electrophoresis step. The method of the present invention is particularly useful in identifying mutations and polymorphisms in genomic DNA and more particularly in the human genome and to determine and/or confirm the nucleotide sequence of target nucleic acid molecules. The method of the present invention may also be automated.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by author in this specification are collected at the end of the description.

The increasing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research and development in a range of biotechnological fields. A particularly important area is the generation of nucleotide mutants and the screening for and identification of such mutants. This in turn has implications, for example, in understanding the genetic basis behind certain disease conditions which is becoming of increasing relevance as the human genome is progressively sequenced.

An efficient and accurate method of mutation detection is crucial in implicating disease candidate genes and in the screening programs which follow identification of disease causing mutations. Many human inherited and sporadic disorders are caused by small mutations including base substitutions, additions and deletions. Among these disorders are the Mendelian single gene disorders, sporadic somatic mutations causing cancers and complex genetic traits. Whilst some diseases are caused by a limited and well characterised set of mutations, most genetic diseases are caused by one or more of a large range of mutations occurring anywhere within the gene. It is important, therefore, that a mutation detection protocol be able to scan a region of DNA, identify any change and describe the resulting nucleotide differences from wild-type. With the increasing use of population molecular genetics and as clinicians begin to use mutation analysis as a clinical tool, there is a need to develop mutation detection protocols which can be automated, are less dependant on user expertise and are more accurate and reliable.

Current mutation detection protocols require either a gel based detection system or sequence specific primers. Gel based detection methods include direct sequencing of amplified DNA fragments and various techniques involving either cleavage of mismatched bases in heteroduplexes or mobility differences of single or partially denatured DNA strands.

Detection of mutations by DNA sequencing can provide good results in relation to accuracy and information about the position and nature of the mutation (Hattori et al, 1993), however, although advances have been made in this area, the technique is not fully automated and is labour intensive. Most mutations occur as heterozygotes and there are technical difficulties with the ability of currently available computer software to identify two different nucleotide bases at a mutated residue.

Many mutation detection techniques exploit differential electrophoretic mobilities of DNA fragments with sequence differences. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) exploits the fact that the secondary structure of a single strand of DNA is sequence based and, therefore, strands with even just one base difference will migrate at a different rate (Orita et al, 1989). This technique is again gel based and can lack sensitivity. Furthermore, the method cannot be readily automated and requires a large amount of labour due to the necessary gel step which in most cases must be optimised to the specific sample being analysed. They also do not give any information about the position or nature of the change and do not routinely identify all mutations.

Mutation detection based on the identification of base pair mismatches in heteroduplex DNA strands is another method of identifying point changes. There are a number of techniques available that cleave DNA at mismatched base pairs in heteroduplex DNA. Mismatch cleavage protocols include chemical and enzymatic mismatch cleavage. The techniques are also gel based. The chemical cleavage method uses osmium tetroxide to cleave at the mismatched base (Cotton et al, 1988) followed by separation of cleaved products on denaturing gels. A major disadvantage of the chemical cleavage protocol is the use of extremely toxic chemicals.

Other methods for detection of known mutations include minisequencing allele specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), oligonucleotide probe arrays (Lipshutz et al, 1995) which requires knowledge of the sequence of wild-type and mutant. Although this technique is suitable for non-gel based detection methods, it is only useful for know mutations. Furthermore, the large number of oligonucleotides required to cover all known mutations in many genes makes this approach prohibitively expensive and labour intensive.

With the development of the matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation—time of flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS), the ability to accurately determine the mass of biomolecules of a limited size has been achieved. Although detection of DNA fragments of up to 622 base pairs in length has been reported, large fragments cannot be accurately sized and a mass accuracy of ±3 bp is quoted (Liu et al, 1995). This level of accuracy is clearly insufficient for the detection and characterisation of base substitutions.

There is a need, therefore, to develop an effective and accurate means of detecting mutations in nucleic acid molecules. Preferably, the mutation detection system would be automatable.

In work leading up to the present invention the inventors developed a mutation detection system which exploits the accuracy of mass determination of MALDI-TOF MS and which is applicable for large DNA fragments. The method of the present invention do not require gel electrophoresis nor is prior knowledge of the nucleotide sequence necessary. The method of the present invention is also capable of being automated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Sequence Identity Numbers (SEQ ID NOs.) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification are defined following the bibliography.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated integer or group of integers but not the exclusion of any other integer or group of integers.

One aspect of the present invention contemplates a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule by PCR, subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 to about 1000 bases, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Still yet another aspect of the present invention relates to a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule and incorporating uracil residues, subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to uracil specific cleavage mediated by a uracil-N-glycosylase to generate oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 to about 1000 bases, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Another aspect of the present invention contemplates a computer programme capable of controlling a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to an apparatus capable of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said apparatus comprising means of subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Still another aspect of the present invention provides a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure and subjecting said separated fragments to further separation means, such as post source decay (PSD) or other similar technique, to separate fragmentation products to generate a spectrum dependent on nucleotide sequence and then identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation showing mass spectrogram of cleavage products of two oligonucleotides, 1 and 2, which differ at two nucleotides, one produces a fragment with a different nucleotide composition and the other introducing a new cleavage site. The two line thicknesses represent the overlaid tracings of the two different oligonucleotides. 1636.3 represents a thick line peak and 3190.9 represents a thin line peak. 1811.1 is a thin line peak and 1828.2 is a thick line peak. Kratos Kompact MALDI 4v51.2; % int. 100%=24 mV (thin); 81 mV (thick).

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation showing mass spectrogram of reacted, separated products of normal TUB which represents a homozygote. Mode: linear; Accelerating Voltage: 20,000; Grid Voltage: 92.000%; Guide Wire Voltage 0-100%; Delay 125ON; Laser:1800; Scans Averaged: 128; Pressure: 9.94e-07; Low Mass Gate: 900.0; Negative Ions: ON.

FIG. 3 is graphical representation showing mass spectrogram of reacted, separated products of both TUB-M and TUB which represents a heterozygote. Mode: linear, Accelerating Voltage: 20,000; Grid Voltage: 92.000%; Guide Wire Voltage 0-100%; Delay 125ON; Laser:1800; Scans Averaged: 128; Pressure: 1.89e-06; Low Mass Gate 900.0; Negative Ions: ON.

FIG. 4 is a representation of the nucleotide sequence of IL-12 untranslated region PCR product used in Example 13. Primers are shown in bold. Expected cleavage products >2 bp are underlined. The polymorphism is at position 97 and is indicated by asterisk. The polymorphism is a C to T change which results in a change of the cleavage products at that position from CGA to AGA in the forward strand and CAAGC to CAA in the reverse stand. The presence of C at position 97 results in a TaqI site and this allele is called “+”, the other allele is respectively “−”.

FIG. 5A is a photographic representation of a TaqI restriction digest of IL-12 PCR products from +/− individuals (lanes 1, 4 and 5), a +/+ individual (lane 3) and a −/− individual (lane 2). The 124 bp fragment is cleaved by TaqI (where possible) to produce 97 and 27 bp fragments.

FIGS. 5B—5G are graphical representations showing linear MALDI-TOF spectra of cleavage products. The spectra on the left show a mass range of 1000 to 3500 and those on the right are the same spectra but show in detail the mass range from 1000 to 1700. Spectra 5B and 5C are from a −/− individual spectra 5D and 5E are from a +/+ individual, and spectra 5F and 5G are from a +/− individual. Observed masses are indicated above peaks. Arrows show the peaks that change between the two alleles.

FIGS. 6A—6B are graphical representations of the mass spectrum analysed using post source decay (PSD) on a MALDI-TOF instrument. Spectrum 6A is a 6 mer of sequence CATCCT (SEQ ID NO:16) and spectrum 6B is a 6mer of sequence CACCT (SEQ ID NO:17). Both have parent ion mass of 1727.2 Da. Observed masses are shown above the peaks. PSD fragments are shown at an intensity magnification of five.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is predicated in part on a base specific cleavage reaction to generate a set of small oligonucleotides bounded by the base cleaved. The nucleic acid molecule may be completely or only partially cleaved or digested. These fragments are then separated based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS. This generates a fingerprint of the nucleic acid fragment comprising a series of peaks where each peak represents the mass of each small cleavage product. As a result of the sensitivity of mass determination, each oligonucleotide of given length but different nucleotide composition produces a different mass. The mass of each peak, therefore, corresponds to the nucleotide composition of the fragment as well as to its length. Consequently, any nucleotide substitution results in either a shifted peak due to the mass difference in the new cleavage fragment or, if the mutation changes the targeted base, a cleavage product containing a different number of bases.

Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention contemplates a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Conveniently, screening is carried out by comparing the cleavage product masses of the reference or wild-type nucleic acid to those of the test sample. Mass changes corresponding to base changes are readily observed.

Accurate mass determination of these small fragments is possible allowing unambiguous assignation of base composition of each oligonucleotide. This knowledge allows deduction of the nature of the mutation and, after specific cleavage at different bases and integration of the data, the position of the mutation.

The method of the present invention is applicable to any nucleic acid molecule such as but not limited to DNA, genomic DNA, cDNA, plasmid DNA, satalite DNA, mRNA and other RNA molecules as well as DNA:DNA, DNA:RNA and RNA:RNA hybrids. The present invention is particularly applicable to nucleic acid molecules amplified by, for example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

According to this aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

A particularly preferred requirement is that the source of nucleic acid is cleavable to oligonucleotide fragments of from 2 bases to 1000 bases, preferably of from 3 bases to 500 bases, more preferably of from 4 bases to 100 bases and even more preferably of from 4 bases to 50 bases. Oligonucleotide fragments of form 4 bases to 40 bases are of particular usefulness in practising the present invention.

Accordingly, the present invention is directed to a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule by PCR, subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 to about 1000 bases, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

The nucleic acid may be cleaved by a range of chemical molecules including enzymes. Enzymes are particularly preferred due to their specificity. One useful enzyme is uracil-N-glycosylase which cleaves DNA at uracil residues incorporated, for example, during a PCR. However, a range of enzymes may be employed.

According to this embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising amplifying said test nucleic acid molecule and incorporating uracil residues, subjecting the test amplified nucleic acid molecule to uracil specific cleavage mediated by a uracil-N-glycosylase to generate oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 to about 1000 bases, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

The method of the present invention is predicated in part on the fact that any oligonucleotide fragment differing in nucleotide composition between mutant and wild-type (or reference) sequences will be detected. The method has advantages over previously employed techniques and such advantages include the absence of a gel electrophoresis step thereby reducing time, expertise and need for separation equipment and the lack of dependence on toxic chemicals, such as osmium tetroxide. Whilst the present invention extends to the use of such chemicals in base specific cleavage reactions, it is preferred to use an enzymatic reaction to cleavage the target nucleic acid molecule.

The method of the present invention is particularly useful in detecting previously unknown mutations. This is important as a screening mechanism for inherited diseases and cancers such as during pre-natal diagnosis, diagnosis of a suspected disease or screening for carriers of disease alleles. It also has applications in polymorphism analysis of populations and in studies of evolution, drug resistance, virulence or attenuation of disease agents such as bacteria, viruses or protozoa.

The method may be carried out simultaneously or sequentially with an analysis of a reference to wild-type nucleic acid molecule. Both the test and reference nucleic acid molecules can then be compared. Alternatively, the wild-type nucleic acid molecule may already have been analysed. Conveniently, this information may be stored electronically and upon completion of the analysis of the test nucleic acid molecule, both the test and reference sequences may then be compared manually, electronically or by a computer assisted means.

The method of the present invention may also be used to determine the nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid molecule.

The nucleotide sequence may be completely determined or a partial sequence obtained for example, for selected nucleotides. The method of the present invention, therefore, permits the rapid determination of a nucleotide sequence which will be invaluable, for example, in the efficient analysis of mutations.

The method of the present invention may be semi or fully automated and the present invention extends to apparatuses for automating the mutation detection assay. The apparatus may also be electronically controlled by a computer programme to facilitate the automation and/or analysis process.

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention contemplates a computer programme capable of controlling a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is directed to an apparatus capable of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said apparatus comprising means of subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, the method of apparatus of the present invention also employs a further fragment separation means such as but not limited to post source decay (PSD). PSD, for example, uses the dissociation of highly energised ions during their flight to the detector creating a second dimension. The ions are directed into an electric field of opposite polarity and are reflected. Smaller ions are reflected earlier and reach the detector first. As the spectrum from the decay is dependent on the nucleotide sequence of an oligonucleotide rather than the nucleotide composition, this avoids missing mutations in an oligonucleotide having the same nucleotide composition as a reference oligonucleotide. Although PSD is one convenient fragment separation means, the present invention extends to other similar techniques to separate fragmentation products. Generally these techniques are based on mass although may also be based on electrophoretic mobility, base size, base charge, base paring or other suitable criteria

Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides a method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule, said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure and subjecting said separated fragments to further separation means to generate a spectrum dependent on nucleotide sequence and then identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

The MALDI-TOF MS analysis and further separation means may be done sequentially or simultaneously.

Preferably, the further separation means includes or comprises PSD or other similar techniques to separate fragmentation products.

The present invention is particularly useful in identifying and/or locating mutants in heterozygotes. Mutations are detectable on both strains or on one strand only.

Yet another aspect of the present invention provides a method for identifying and/or locating a mutation in one or more bases in a target nucleic acid molecule, subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to base specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS and/or other equivalent procedure to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule.

Preferably, the separated fragments are subjected to further separation means such as but not limited to PSD.

The present invention is further described by the following non-limiting Examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Oligonucleotides

Two test 22 mers oligonucleotides with two bases different were used in this study

-   -   CCT CAT UTT TTU TTG TAA GAG G [SEQ ID NO:1]     -   CCT CGT UTT TTU TTG TUA GAG G [SEQ ID NO:2]

The different bases are shown in bold.

For the detection of point mutations (see Example 7), the following oligonucleotides are used:

TUB:

-   -   GGT GAC CTG AAC CAC CTC GTG CGT CCA GCC GTT CGT GGC TGT CCA GTC         CGC GAAC TCT GAC CTG CGC AAG [SEQ ID NO:3]

TUB-M:

-   -   GGT GAC CTG AAC CAC CTC GTG CGT CCA GCC GTT CGA GGC TGT CGA GTC         CGCGAA CTC TGA CCT GCG CAA G [SEQ ID NO:4]

TUB-F:

-   -   GGT GAC CTG AAC CAC CTC GT [SEQ ID NO:5]

TUB-R:

-   -   CTT GCG CAG GTC AGA GTT [SEQ ID NO:6]

TUB and TUB-M are used as template DNA and differ at three residues, bolded above, which comprise two point mutations and one insertion (bracketed and bolded). TUB-F and TUB-R are the “reverse” and “forward” primers used to amplify either TUB or TUB-M in a polymerase chain reaction.

EXAMPLE 2 Cleavage Reaction

The cleavage reactions were carried out using 100 pmol of oligonucleotide, 0.5 units uracil-N-glycoslyase (Perkin-Elmer) 1×PCR buffer (50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3) (Perkin-Elmer) in a 250 μl reaction. The reaction mixture was incubated at 50° C. for 20 minutes to allow cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond at uracil. It was then heated for 15 minutes to 105° C. to allow degradation of the phosphate bonds at the basic sites. The mixture was then purified using anion exchange resin to remove buffer salts and other impurities.

EXAMPLE 3 Sample Purification

Qiagen Anion Exchange Resin was equilibrated in 5 mM NH₄HCO₃ (Sigma) pH 8.4 (sodium free). 40 μl of the slurry was added to the reaction mixture and the DNA was allowed to bind at room temperature for 5 minutes with gentle shaking. The beads were spun down in a bench centrifuge and the supernatant discarded. The beads were then washed with 3×100 μl volumes of 5 mM NH₄HCO₃ pH 8.4 (sodium free) with incubation and centrifugation between each wash. The supernatant was discarded each time. The DNA fragments were then eluted using two 40 μl volumes of 0.5M NH₄HCO₃ pH 8.0 (sodium free), with incubation and centrifugation as before but with the supernatant being kept. The supernatant was then evaporated to dryness on a Savant Speedivac and resuspended twice in 20 μl distilled water and evaporated to dryness to remove any residual NH₄HCO₃. The final product was resuspended in 5 μl distilled water. The final concentration being approximately 20 pmol/μl.

EXAMPLE 4 The Polymerase Chain Reactions and DNA Uracil Glycosylase Reaction

20 μl reactions were set up containing 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 2.5 mM dATP, dCTP, dGTP, 5 mM dUTP, 0.5U Taq Gold (Perkin Elmer), 1.5 mM each TUB-F and TUB-R oligonucleotides and 2.4 fg or either TUB or TUB-M or a mix of both. PCR assays were incubated at 95° C. for 15 minutes then cycled at 95° C.—15 seconds, 60° C.—35 seconds, 72° C.—35 seconds for 40 cycles. PCR reactions were pooled, each pool contained either 10 or 100 PCR reactions. Uracil DNA glycosylase (Perkin Elmer) was added at a ratio of 1U per 10 PCR reactions. Completeness of digestion was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

EXAMPLE 5 Purification of Digested PCR Products

Each DNA glycosylase reaction was loaded onto a C8 aquapore RP300 column equilibrated with 0.1M TEAA, the column washed with 0.1M TEAA at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min and elute with 0.1M TEAA in 60% v/v CH₃CN. Peaks were collected. Column eluates were desiccated on a Savant Speedivac, evaporative centrifuge, resuspended in water to the original volume and redessicated. Pellets were resuspended in 5 ml H₂O. Mass spectrometric samples were prepared as described in Example 6.

EXAMPLE 6 Mass Analysis

3-Hydroxypicolinic acid is prepared at a concentration of 75 mg/ml in 1:1 acetonitrile and water and stored at room temperature in a closed vial in the dark. A new matrix solution is prepared weekly. Cation exchange beads (Bio-Rad 50W-X4, mesh size 100-200 μm) in ammonium form were used to reduce interference from sodium and potassium adducts (Nordhoff et al, 1992). Samples were prepared as follows: 0.5 μl matrix, 0.5 μl sample (10 pmol DNA) and 0.5 μl cation exchange resin were mixed on the slide and allowed to dry. The beads were then blown off with nitrogen gas. Samples were then analysed immediately.

Samples were run on the Kratos Kompact MALDI 4 with 337 nm laser or a Perspective Voyager MALDITOF machine. Linear negative mode was used for all spectra. Fifty shots were fired at power setting 70 to find a sweet so and then a further 50 shots were fired at the sweet spot to obtain the spectrum.

EXAMPLE 7 Simulation

In order to assess the ability of this technique to detect mutations, a computer simulation was designed. Two different stimulations were conducted, one that models a mutation occurring in a haploid genome and the other modelling a mutation occurring in a diploid genome on the background of a wildtype sequence.

In order to optimise the detection of mutations, four separate base specific cleavage reactions have been performed using separated forward and reverse strands and two different base specific reagents, in this case, thymidine and cytosine. A random library of exonic sequences has been extracted from Genbank. This comprises 100,000 kb of coding sequence concatenated into one file. Sequence strings of incremental length are removed from this file. A fingerprint for each strand is generated. This is calculated by generating the sets of post cleavage fragments for each base-specific reagent and sorting the non-redundant fragments. Mutant sequences are created by mutating every residue in the wild-type sequence to each of three possible alternatives. The fingerprint of each mutant is generated and compared to the wild-type fingerprints. If the fingerprints are different, it is recorded as a successful detection and the next mutant examined. If the first base specific cleavage reaction is unable to detect the mutation on the forward strand, the reverse strand is tried and so on until the reverse strand of the second reagent fails. This represents the total failure rate under the described conditions. Conceivably one could increase the power of the technique by using all four base specific reagents on both strands.

EXAMPLE 8 Detection of Base Mutations

Overlaid tracings from the mass spectrogram are presented in FIG. 1. These show the cleavage products of two oligonucleotides 1 and 2 [SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2, respectively], which differ at two nucleotides, one producing a fragment with a different nucleotide composition and the other introducing a new cleavage site. The new fragments resulting from these differences are easily separate& This example, observed masses deviate from calculated by ±0.02-1%. This is sufficient to assign the correct base composition in this case, however, it is not sufficient to blindly assign base composition peaks from a sample of unknown sequence. A study has been done which concluded that all base compositions can be uniquely specified up to the 14 mer level if one base has a known composition (ie. G=1 in the case of the study, or in our case, T=0) with a measurement of mass to within ±0.01%. This is presently achievable, dependent on the mass analyser used and the sample quality and quantity (Pomerantz et al. 1993).

Base specific cleavage and mass spectrometry is, therefore, able to differentiate between two identical length oligonucleotides with different nucleotide compositions and hence is able to differentiate between two sequences differing at one base (Table 1). Where a mutation changes the residue involved directly in the base specific cleavage reaction (a “U” residue in the case presented here), the difference in size of the resultant products is marked (Table 1). The accuracy of mass determination allows deduction of the base composition of each fragment and therefore, where the sequence is known, will enable deduction of the nature of the mutation.

Table 2 presents stimulation date for the haploid genome case and Table 3 presents the stimulation data where a mutation occurs in a diploid organism in the presence of a wild-type copy. These data are presented as cumulative “failure to identify” mutations based on both strands and two base specific cleavage reactions. Therefore, the last column, which is where the “C” reaction was unable to pick the mutation on the complementary strand represents the “total failure rate” of the technique under these conditions.

EXAMPLE 9 Detection of Point Mutations

The method of the present invention has been employed on PCR products and is able to detect point mutations and an insertion in DNA that has been amplified using the polymerase chain reaction as discussed below. The PCR templates used, TUB and TUB-M are described in Example 1 and have three differences, two of which are point mutations and the third is an insertion/deletion. All of these differences are visible in the mass spectrograms (FIGS. 2 and 3). FIG. 3 represents the reacted, separated products of both TUB-M and TUB. This is a reconstruction of a heterozygote. FIG. 2 is reacted, separated products of TUB, representing, in this case a homozygote normal Table 4 gives the expected masses for each fragment and the corresponding comments on whether they have been seen. All mutations were seen on either both strands or on one strand only.

TABLE 1 calc. mass obs. mass oligo 1: cleavage products a CCTCAT¹ 1810.2 1811.1 b TTTT 1315.8 1318.4 c TTGTAAGAGG² 3190.0 3190.9 oligo 2: cleavage products a CCTCGT³ 1826.2 1828.2 b TTTT 1318.8 1318.4 c TTGT 1343.8 1343.5 d AGAGG⁴ 1635.0 1636.3 ¹SEQ ID NO: 18 ²SEQ ID NO: 19 ³SEQ ID NO: 20 ⁴SEQ ID NO: 21

TABLE 2 Total Total Number Number Number Number number number of “T” % “T” of “T” % “T” of “C” % “C” of “C” % “C” Sequence wildtype mutated forward forward reverse reverse forward forward reverse reverse length sequences sequences failures failures failures failures failures failures failures failures  40 2500  300000 10569 3.52  97 0.03  1 0 0  60 1666  299880 14723 4.91  237 0.08  14 0  1 0  80 1250  300000 18908 6.30  401 0.13  26 0.01 0 100 1000  300000 22825 7.61  653 0.22  43 0.01 0 120 833 299880 26383 8.80  931 0.31  72 0.02  2 0 140 714 299880 29751 9.92 1225 0.41  93 0.03  8 0 160 625 300000 32644 10.88 1480 0.49 145 0.05 11 0 180 555 299700 35692 11.91 1955 0.65 188 0.06 21 0.01 200 500 300000 38848 12.95 2356 0.79 264 0.09 24 0.01 220 454 299640 40970 13.67 2828 0.94 348 0.12 32 0.01 240 416 299520 43995 14.69 3449 1.15 500 0.17 62 0.02 260 384 299520 46387 15.49 3923 1.31 541 0.18 88 0.03 280 357 299880 48443 16.15 4386 1.46 643 0.21 50 0.02 300 333 299700 50812 16.95 4904 1.64 759 0.25 103  0.03 320 312 299520 52651 17.58 5700 1.90 949 0.32 142  0.05 340 294 299880 54768 18.26 6130 2.04 1082  0.36 155  0.05 360 277 299160 56876 19.01 6621 2.21 1221  0.41 188  0.06 380 263 299820 59231 19.76 7445 2.48 1400  0.47 236  0.08 400 250 300000 60891 20.30 7906 2.64 1507  0.50 240  0.08 1000  100 300000 98902 32.97 27716  9.24 10255  3.42 3798  1.27

TABLE 3 Total Total Number Number Number Number number number of “T” % “T” of “T” % “T” of “C” % “C” of “C” % “C” Sequence wildtype mutated forward forward reverse reverse forward forward reverse reverse Length sequences sequences failures failures failures failures failures failures failures failures 40 2500 300000 120699 40  39139 13 11468 4  3993 1 60 1666 299880 132516 44  48716 16 16455 5  6426 2 80 1250 300000 142523 48  57790 19 22043 7  9600 3 100 1000 300000 150441 50  65780 22 27368 9 12556 4 120 833 299880 156926 52  73381 24 32832 11 16347 5 140 714 299880 163973 55  81099 27 38470 13 20145 7 160 625 300000 169582 57  87388 29 43686 15 23767 8 180 555 299700 173319 58  92501 31 48016 16 27141 9 200 500 300000 178247 59  98957 33 53122 18 30973 10 220 454 299640 181728 61 103638 35 57622 19 34684 12 240 416 299520 184465 62 107959 36 62015 21 38330 13 260 384 299520 188025 63 112626 38 65898 22 41402 14 280 357 299880 191722 64 117075 39 70162 23 45504 15 300 333 299700 194210 65 120601 40 73900 25 48553 16 320 312 299520 196727 66 124257 41 77929 26 51963 17 340 294 299880 199290 66 127979 43 81308 27 54874 18 360 277 299160 200599 67 131116 44 84764 28 58213 19 380 263 299820 203752 68 134422 45 87956 29 60909 20 400 250 300000 205749 69 137686 46 91319 30 64056 21 420 238 299880 207767 69 140874 47 94747 32 67463 22 440 227 299640 209037 70 143182 48 96836 32 69713 23 460 217 299460 210530 70 145413 49 99414 33 71853 24 480 208 299520 212472 71 147958 49 102503  34 74722 25 500 200 300000 214285 71 149928 50 104741  35 77298 26 520 192 299520 215159 72 152227 51 107376  36 79507 27 540 185 299700 215902 72 153784 51 109511  37 81602 27

TABLE 4 FRAGMENTS NOT SEEN EXPECTED TUB FRAGMENTS GGC 1045.6 CCAC 1198.8 CCACA [SEQ ID NO: 22] 1512*  CCAG 1318.8 GGAC 1358.8 CCAGCCG [SEQ ID NO: 23] 2226.4 GCGCAAG [SEQ ID NO: 24] 2210.4 GCGCAAGA [SEQ ID NO: 25]  2523.6* CCGCGAAC [SEQ ID NO: 26] 2539.6 GGAGCACGCAGG [SEQ ID NO: 7] 3880.4 CGGCAAGCACCGACAGG 5374.4 [SEQ ID NO: 8] GGTGACCTGAACCACCTCGTGCG 5888.8 PRIMER [SEQ ID NO: 9] CAGGCGCTTGAGACTGGACGCGT 6258   PRIMER [SEQ ID NO: 10] EXPECTED TUB-M FRAGMENTS CCAC 1198.8 END CGAG 1358.8 GGAC 1358.8 CGAGGC [SEQ ID NO: 27] 1977.2 CCAGCCG [SEQ ID NO: 28] 2226.4 GCGCAAG [SEQ ID NO: 29] 2210.4 CGACAGCC [SEQ ID NO: 30] 2539.6 CCGCGAAC [SEQ ID NO: 31] 2539.6 CGAACGGC [SEQ ID NO: 32] 2579.6 GGAGCACGCAGG [SEQ ID NO: 11] 3880.4 GGTGACCTGAACCACCTCGTGCG 5888.8 PRIMER [SEQ ID NO: 12] CAGGCGCTTGAGACTGGACGCGT 6258   PRIMER [SEQ ID NO: 13] *Fragments obtained due to the terminal transferase activity of Taq polymerase which results in the addition of a dATP at the 3′ end of the PCR product.

EXAMPLE 10 Modification Detection Protocol

The method of Example 8 is employed except DNA polymerase enzymes arm employed with the ability to incorporate both dNTPs and rNTPs. Specific cleavage reactions are performed on PCR products in which one of the nucleotides is substituted for rNTP. This permits the base specific cleavage reactions to be conducted in alkali at high temperature.

EXAMPLE 11 Identification of Mutation Position

The method of Example 8 employs Uracil-N-glycososylase which cleaves DNA at uracil. It is, therefore, a T reaction as uracil is replacing thymidine in the PCR product. In this Example, cleavage occurs at each of other bases so as to create sets of overlapping data to give information about the position of the mutation.

EXAMPLE 12 Determination of Nucleotide Sequence

The method of the present invention is used to determine a nucleotide sequence of a nucleic acid fragment. The method employed is substantially as described in Example 8.

EXAMPLE 13 Detection of Previously Unknown Mutations

The method of the present invention is further demonstrated on a sequence polymorphism in the IL-12 gene. This previously unreported sequence change results in a TaqI RFLP and, therefore, can be followed by enzymatic digestion of PCR products.

Methods

Template DNA was genomic DNA from human volunteers of each possible genotype of the IL-12 polymorphism (ie. +/+, +/−, and −/−, where + is the presence of the Taq restriction site). PCRs were carried out in 20 μl reactions in 192 well plates in a Corbett Thermocycler with the following reaction mixture: 50 mM KCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 25 mM MgCl₂ 2.5 mM dATP, dCTP and dGTP (Promega), 5 mM dUTP (Boehringer Mannheim GmbH), 0.5U AmpliTaq Gold (Perkin Elmer), 0.4 μM primers (Bresatec). After an initial 15 min incubation at 95° C., the reactions were cycled 95° C. 15 secs, 58° C. 35 sec, 72° C. 35 sec, for 40 cycles. 7 reactions were pooled for the homozygotes and 9 for the heterozygote. 1 unit of AmpErase Uracil-N-glycosylase (Perkin Elmer) was added to each pool and the reaction incubated at 50° C. for 1 hour, followed by 30 minutes at 105° C. The extend of completion of the cleavage reaction was monitored by the absence of a band on an agarose gel. The cleavage reaction was monitored by the absence of a band on an agarose gel. The cleavage products were purified using reverse phase HPLC on a 100×2.1 mm C8 aquapore RP300 column (Applied Biosystems). The flow rate was 0.5 ml/min and absorbance was monitored at 254 nm. The sample washed with 0.1M triethylaminoacetate (TEAA) and eluted in 0.1M TEAA/60% w/v acetonitrile and the fraction with absorbance at 254 nm was collected and evaporated to dryness using a Savant Speedivac. The residue was resuspended in 100 μl distilled deionised water and evaporated to dryness and then resuspended in 1 μl water. 0.5 μl of this was mixed with 0.5 μl 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (saturated solution in 50% w/v acetonitrile and 0.5 μl NH₄ ⁺ ion-exchange beads (BioRad, 50W-X4, mesh size 100-200 μm) on a sample slide. The mass spectrometer used to characterise the reaction products was a Voyager BioSpectrometry Workstation from PerSeptive Biosystems. 128 laser pulses at power 1800 were averaged. Post Source Decay spectra were collected using a Kratos Kompact MALDI4 TOF mass spectrometer with 377 nm laser and a curved field reflector in positive ion mode. Matrix and sample preparation as above. After scanning in linear mode for the sweet spot, the ion gate was set 34.8 Da above and 36.2 Da below the parent ion at 1727.2 Da. 200 profiles at 5 shots per profile were averaged. Spectra were corrected for the curved field.

Genotypes were confirmed by demonstrating the presence or absence of the TaqI restriction site by digesting PCR products with TaqI restriction enzyme (Gibco-BRL) and analysing the products by agarose electrophoresis. DNA bands were stained with ethidium bromide.

A computer simulation of the method has been written and 100 kb of random coding sequence from Genbank has been fed into it. The program takes discrete-length bites of sequence from a file of concatenated cDNA sequence from Genbank. Each base is mutated to each hypothetical variant of the original sequence by removing the cleaved base leaving the residual short strings. The mass spectrometry was modelled, fragments of different nucleotide composition being distinguishable and those of identical composition being indistinguishable. As quantitation is difficult on the MALDI, changes in peak height was not used as an indication of a change in underlying sequence. The program then compares “spectra” and tallies the number of mutations that were missed. The program can model the detection of a mutation in the presence of a wild-type sequence (heterozygote) or can model the differences between two homozygotes. In the first case a mutation can only be detected by the presence of a new peak and in the latter case, as well as the presence of a new peak, the disappearance of a peak can also signal a change. All four base specific cleavage reactions were used and reactions were performed on separated strands giving a total of 8 reactions per PCR product. Also the model has been refined to take account of the ability of post source decay (PSD) to identify changes in peaks containing a complex mix of oligonucleotides. In this case fragments of different sequence are distinguishable.

Results

A PCR assay was designed to incorporate the mutated region and then subjected to uracil-N-glycosylase treatment. The products were purified and analysed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The sequence of the PCR primers and product along with the mutation are shown in FIG. 4. The C to T change gives rise to a Taq RFLP and this can be seen in homozygote and heterozygote state in FIGS. 5A-5G. The spectra generated by the MALDI-TOF can also be seen in FIGS. 5A-5G. The expected and observed masses of the cleavage products from the two alleles are given in Table 5. The position of the mutation and deduction of the changed base is evident from study of this Table.

A limitation to the sensitivity of this method results from the lack of quantitative data available from the MALDI. When the fragment derived from the mutated sequence coincides with other fragments of identical nucleotide composition in the wild-type sequence, its disappearance will go undetected. Similarly, the appearance of a new fragment in the mutated sequence will go unnoticed of it has identical nucleotide composition to one or more other cleavage products. If both these conditions exist for all cleavage reactions, then the mutation will be missed. This technique, therefore, is not as advantageous for longer fragment as for small fragments.

To address this problem, the inventors employed a second dimension detection protocol on the MALDI-TOF machine. Post source decay (PSD) uses the dissociation of the highly energised ions during their flight to the detector as this second dimension. They are directed into an electric field of opposite polarity and are reflected. The smaller ions are reflected earlier and reach the detector first. As the spectrum from the decay is dependent on the sequence of the oligonucleotide (and not the nucleotide composition), the aforementioned limitation is bypassed, generating a method of mutation detection that is now extremely sensitive.

The utility of MALDI-TOF analysis with PSD is demonstrated in FIGS. 6A-6B where two oligonucleotides of identical nucleotide composition are separated by MALDI-TOF using PSD. The resulting spectra are quite distinguishable. Sequence determination of small oligonucleotides is feasible using molecular dissociation methods and, therefore, the subject method extrapolates into an accurate resequencing protocol.

A computer simulation of data from the linear separation of cleavage products has been written. Using Genbank data, the expected number of base substitution that would be identified when comparing two homozygotes over a 250 bp PCR distance is 98.5%. The comparable figure is 95% when a homozygote is compared to a heterozygote. If each mass peak from a base specific cleavage is analysed using a secondary dissociation technique, eg. PSD on the MALDI-TOF machine, then sensitivity of mutation detection improves dramatically. This has also been simulated and for a 1000 bp fragment subjected to base specific cleavage, and analysed with PSD, 99% of all substitutions will be detected for a homozygote to heterozygote comparison and 99.8% when two homozygotes are compared.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features. 

1. A method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule wherein the location of said one or more nucleotide that are different between the nucleic acid molecule to be tested and the reference nucleic acid molecule is unknown , said method comprising subjecting the test nucleic acid molecule to single-base-specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment and identifying an altered peak relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a difference of one or more nucleotides in said tested nucleic acid molecule relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid molecule to be tested is amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to base specific cleavage.
 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 bases to about 1000 bases.
 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 3 bases to about 500 bases.
 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 4 bases to about 100 bases.
 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein the base specific cleavage is uracil specific cleavage.
 7. A method according to claim 6 wherein the uracil specific cleavage is mediated by uracil-N-glycosylase.
 8. A method according to claim 1 further comprising subjecting fragmentation products to further separation (PSD) to generate a spectrum from decay dependent on the nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide.
 9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the further separation of fragmentation products is by post source decay (PSD).
 10. A method for identifying or locating a mutation in one or more bases in a target nucleic acid molecule wherein the location of said mutation within the target nucleic acid molecule is unknown, comprising subjecting the target nucleic acid molecule to single-base-specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting olignucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment, and identifying an altered peak relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure, wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a mutation in one or more bases in said target nucleic acid molecule relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule.
 11. A method according to claim 10 wherein the nucleic acid to be tested is amplified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) prior to base specific cleavage.
 12. A method according to claim 10 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 2 bases to about 1000 bases.
 13. A method according to claim 12 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 3 bases to about 500 bases.
 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the base specific cleavage results in oligonucleotide fragments of from about 4 bases to about 100 bases.
 15. A method according to claim 10 wherein the base specific cleavage is uracil specific cleavage.
 16. A method according to claim 15 wherein the uracil specific cleavage is mediated by uracil-N-glycosylase.
 17. A method according to claim 10 further comprising subjecting the oligonucleotide fragments to further separation to generate a spectrum from decay dependent on the nucleotide sequence of the oligonucleotide.
 18. A method according to claim 17 wherein the further separation of fragmentation products is by post source decay (PSD).
 19. A method of detecting a difference of one or more nucleotides between a nucleic acid molecule acid molecule to be tested and a reference nucleic acid molecule wherein the location of said one or more nucleotides that are different between the nucleic acid molecule to be tested and the reference nucleic acid molecule is unknown, said method comprising subjecting the test molecule to single-base-specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotide fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment, and identifying an altered peak relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure, wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of said difference of one or more nucleotdies in said tested nucleic acid molecule relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule, and wherein the difference does not result in a change of a cleavage site.
 20. A method for identifying or locating a mutation in one or more bases in a target nucleic acid molecule wherein the mutation does not result in a charge of a cleavage site by a restriction enzyme and wherein the location of said mutation within the target nucleic acid molecule is unknown, comprising subjecting the target nucleic acid molecule to single-base-specific cleavage to generate oligonucleotide fragments, separating the resulting oligonucleotides fragments based on mass by MALDI-TOF MS to produce a fingerprint of the oligonucleotide fragments comprising one or more peaks wherein a peak represents the mass of each fragment, and identifying an altered peak relative to a reference nucleic acid molecule subjected to the same procedure, wherein the presence of an altered peak is indicative of a mutation in one or more bases in said target nucleic acid molecule relative to said reference nucleic acid molecule, and wherein the difference does not result in a change of a cleavage site by a restriction enzyme. 